To improve soil fertility naturally, farmers can use compost, crop rotation, green manure, and cover crops. These methods help replenish essential nutrients, enhance microbial activity, and improve soil structure.

To design an efficient irrigation system, factors such as farm size, soil type, crop requirements, and water availability must be considered. Methods like drip irrigation and sprinkler systems can help optimize water usage and improve crop productivity.

Rainwater harvesting conserves water and reduces dependence on external sources for irrigation. It helps improve water availability during dry periods and can be used for irrigation, livestock watering, and other farm needs.

The choice of irrigation method depends on factors such as farm size, water availability, and crop type. Common methods include drip irrigation, sprinkler systems, and surface irrigation, each suited to different farming conditions.

Signs of nutrient deficiencies include yellowing leaves, stunted growth, and poor fruit production. Each nutrient deficiency, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium, presents with unique symptoms that can be diagnosed and treated.

Improving water retention in soil can be achieved through the use of organic matter, mulching, and adding water-absorbing polymers. These practices help retain moisture and reduce the need for frequent irrigation.

The different types of irrigation systems include surface irrigation, drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and subsurface irrigation. Each method has its own advantages based on water availability, crop type, and land size.

Precision agriculture involves using data and technology, such as GPS and sensors, to monitor and manage farm operations. It helps optimize resources like water and fertilizers, resulting in increased yields and reduced environmental impact.

Over-fertilization can lead to nutrient imbalances, reduced plant growth, and environmental pollution. It can also cause nutrient runoff, harming nearby water sources and harming aquatic life.

Water quality plays a crucial role in plant growth. Contaminants like salt, heavy metals, and poor pH levels can harm plants, while clean, balanced water promotes healthy development and better yields.